abstract：:Methods for the analysis of reliability of ordered categorical scales are discussed, focussing on the limitation of the single summary-weighted kappa coefficients. A symmetric matrix of kappa-type coefficients is suggested as an alternative. The method is proposed as being suitable for ordinal scale where there is no ...

journal_title：Statistical methods in medical research

authors： Roberts C,McNamee R

更新日期：2005-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The ability to evaluate effects of factors on outcomes is increasingly important for studies that control some but not all of the factors. Although important advances have been made in methods of analysis for such partially controlled studies, work on designs has been limited. To help understand why, we review the mai...

journal_title：Statistical methods in medical research

authors： Li F,Frangakis CE

更新日期：2005-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Studies of HIV dynamics in AIDS research are very important for understanding pathogenesis of HIV infection and for assessing the potency of antiviral therapies. Since the viral dynamic results from clinical data were first published by Ho et al. and Wei et al., the study of HIV-1 dynamics in vivo has drawn a great at...

journal_title：Statistical methods in medical research

authors： Wu H

更新日期：2005-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This article discusses and extends statistical models to jointly analyse the spatial variation of rates of several diseases with common risk factors. We start with a review of methods for separate analyses of diseases, then move to ecological regression approaches, where the rates from one of the diseases enter as sur...

journal_title：Statistical methods in medical research

authors： Held L,Natário I,Fenton SE,Rue H,Becker N

更新日期：2005-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Cluster analysis via a finite mixture model approach is considered. With this approach to clustering, the data can be partitioned into a specified number of clusters g by first fitting a mixture model with g components. An outright clustering of the data is then obtained by assigning an observation to the component to...

journal_title：Statistical methods in medical research

authors： McLachlan GJ,Chang SU

更新日期：2004-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Data in many experiments arise as curves and therefore it is natural to use a curve as a basic unit in the analysis, which is termed functional data analysis (FDA). In longitudinal studies, recent developments in FDA have extended classical linear models and linear mixed effects models to functional linear models (als...

journal_title：Statistical methods in medical research

authors： Guo W

更新日期：2004-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:We propose a fully parametric model for the analysis of competing risks data where the types of failure may not be independent. We show how the dependence between the cause-specific survival times can be modelled with a copula function. Features include: identifiability of the problem; accessible understanding of the ...

journal_title：Statistical methods in medical research

authors： Escarela G,Carrière JF

更新日期：2003-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:We review the origins of backcalculation (or back projection) methods developed for the analysis of AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) incidence data. These techniques have been used extensively for >15 years to deconvolute clinical case incidence, given knowledge of the incubation period distribution, to obtai...

journal_title：Statistical methods in medical research

authors： Donnelly CA,Ferguson NM,Ghani AC,Anderson RM

更新日期：2003-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The analysis of health care costs is complicated by the skewed and heteroscedastic nature of their distribution with possibly additional zero values. Statistical methods that do not adjust for these features can lead to incorrect conclusions. This paper reviews recent developments in statistical methods for the analys...

journal_title：Statistical methods in medical research

authors： Zhou XH

更新日期：2002-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Multilevel models were originally developed to allow linear regression or ANOVA models to be applied to observations that are not mutually independent. This lack of independence commonly arises due to clustering of the units of observations into 'higher level units' such as patients in hospitals. In linear mixed model...

journal_title：Statistical methods in medical research

authors： Rabe-Hesketh S,Yang S,Pickles A

更新日期：2001-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Several epidemiological parameters have been introduced for quantifying the population impact of a certain exposure on morbidity on a population level, termed 'attributable risk' (AR). Of these definitions, the AR as suggested by Levin in 1953 or some algebraic transformations of it are most commonly used. A structure...

journal_title：Statistical methods in medical research

authors： Uter W,Pfahlberg A

更新日期：2001-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Non-parametric linkage analysis examines similarities among affected relatives in alleles of one or more genetic markers (pieces of DNA at known locations on a chromosome). The objective is to evaluate departures from the null hypothesis that the markers are not near a disease gene. Under the null hypothesis, Mendel's...

journal_title：Statistical methods in medical research

authors： Shih MC,Whittemore AS

更新日期：2001-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In the past two decades, it has become increasingly clear that genetic factors contribute to the aetiology of many common diseases including cancers, coronary disease, allergy and psychiatric disorders. While one goal of genetic epidemiological studies is to locate susceptibility genes for these complex diseases, it i...

journal_title：Statistical methods in medical research

authors： Liang KY,Beaty TH

更新日期：2000-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Measurement error is a serious problem in the analysis of epidemiological data. In the past 20 years, a large number of methods for the correction of measurement error have been developed. While at the beginning mostly methods for cohort studies were considered, recently more attention has been paid to case-control st...

journal_title：Statistical methods in medical research

authors： Thürigen D,Spiegelman D,Blettner M,Heuer C,Brenner H

更新日期：2000-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Rapid Early Action for Coronary Treatment (REACT) was a multisite trial testing a community intervention to reduce the delay between onset of symptoms of acute myocardial infarction (MI) and patients' arrival at a hospital emergency department. The study employed a group-randomized trial design, with ten communities r...

journal_title：Statistical methods in medical research

authors： Murray DM,Feldman HA,McGovern PG

更新日期：2000-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Agreement between two methods of clinical measurement can be quantified using the differences between observations made using the two methods on the same subjects. The 95% limits of agreement, estimated by mean difference +/- 1.96 standard deviation of the differences, provide an interval within which 95% of differenc...

journal_title：Statistical methods in medical research

authors： Bland JM,Altman DG

更新日期：1999-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This paper reviews models for incomplete continuous and categorical longitudinal data. In terms of Rubin's classification of missing value processes we are specifically concerned with the problem of nonrandom missingness. A distinction is drawn between the classes of selection and pattern-mixture models and, using sev...

journal_title：Statistical methods in medical research

authors： Kenward MG,Molenberghs G

更新日期：1999-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Clustered data is not simply correlated data, but has its own unique aspects. In this paper, various methods for correlated receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve data that have been extended specifically to clustered data are reviewed. For those methods that have not yet been extended, suggestions for their ap...

journal_title：Statistical methods in medical research

authors： Beam CA

更新日期：1998-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A growing body of evidence suggests that genetic factors have an important influence on the onset and course of smoking. Here we review some of the statistical methods that have been used to test for genetic influences on smoking behaviour, with a particular focus on studies of large national twin samples. We show how...

journal_title：Statistical methods in medical research

authors： Heath AC,Madden PA,Martin NG

更新日期：1998-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:When estimating a survival time distribution, the loss of information due to right censoring results in a loss of efficiency in the estimator. In many circumstances, however, repeated measurements on a longitudinal process which is associated with survival time are made throughout the observation time, and these measu...

journal_title：Statistical methods in medical research

authors： Hogan JW,Laird NM

更新日期：1998-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This paper reviews recent developments by the Washington/Brown groups for the study of anatomical shape in the emerging new discipline of computational anatomy. Parametric representations of anatomical variation for computational anatomy are reviewed, restricted to the assumption of small deformations. The generation ...

journal_title：Statistical methods in medical research

authors： Miller M,Banerjee A,Christensen G,Joshi S,Khaneja N,Grenander U,Matejic L

更新日期：1997-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The simple yet subtle concept of regression towards the mean is reviewed historically. Verbal, geometric, and mathematical expressions of the concept date to the discoverer of the concept, Francis Galton. That discovery and subsequent understanding (and misunderstanding) of the concept are surveyed. ...

journal_title：Statistical methods in medical research

authors： Stigler SM

更新日期：1997-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This article outlines the statistical developments that have taken place in the use of the EM algorithm in emission and transmission tomography during the past decade or so. We discuss the statistical aspects of the modelling of the projection data for both the emission and transmission cases and define the relevant p...

journal_title：Statistical methods in medical research

authors： Kay J

更新日期：1997-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Exposure measurement error in epidemiological studies is recognized as a feature that must be considered because of the potential bias that can result in estimates of the exposure-disease association. Most of the work to date has focused on methods of analysis that adjust for the resultant bias, but the implications o...

journal_title：Statistical methods in medical research

authors： Holford TR,Stack C

更新日期：1995-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This paper illustrates the use of multidimensional scaling methods (MDS) to examine space-time patterns in epidemic data. The paper begins by outlining the principles of MDS. The model is then formally specified and illustrated by application to two data sets. The first is partly a tutorial example. It uses monthly re...

journal_title：Statistical methods in medical research

authors： Cliff AD,Haggett P,Smallman-Raynor MR,Stroup DF,Williamson GD

更新日期：1995-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Medical research commonly relies on the combination of 2 x 2 tables of counted data for making inferences about treatment effects or about the causes of disease. This article reviews point estimation and interval estimation for a common odds ratio. Traditional methods for providing these estimates face special challen...

journal_title：Statistical methods in medical research

authors： Emerson JD

更新日期：1994-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This paper reviews the application of statistical models to outbreaks of two common respiratory viral diseases, measles and influenza. For each disease, we look first at its epidemiological characteristics and assess the extent to which these either aid or hinder modelling. We then turn to the models that have been de...

journal_title：Statistical methods in medical research

authors： Cliff AD,Haggett P

更新日期：1993-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This review provides an overview of forensic inference from genetic markers. Because the judge and jurors are charged with decision-making, the forensic expert's job is to provide a useful summary of the evidence to the court. Hence, this review focuses on the likelihood ratio as a means of summarizing the genetic dat...

journal_title：Statistical methods in medical research

authors： Devlin B

更新日期：1993-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In this paper we review methods of cluster analysis in the context of classifying patients on the basis of clinical and/or laboratory type observations. Both hierarchical and non-hierarchical methods of clustering are considered, although the emphasis is on the latter type, with particular attention devoted to the mix...

journal_title：Statistical methods in medical research

authors： McLachlan GJ

更新日期：1992-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Dependent binary response data arise frequently in practice due to repeated measurements in longitudinal studies or to subsampling primary sampling units as in fields such as teratology and ophthalmology. Several classes of approaches have recently been proposed to analyse such repeated binary outcome data. The differ...

journal_title：Statistical methods in medical research

authors： Neuhaus JM

更新日期：1992-01-01 00:00:00